事物的矛盾法则，即对立统一的法则，是唯物辩证法的最根本的法则。列宁说：“就本来的意义讲，辩证法是研究对象的本质自身中的矛盾。”〔1〕列宁常称这个法则为辩证法的本质，又称之为辩证法的核心〔2〕。因此，我们在研究这个法则时，不得不涉及广泛的方面，不得不涉及许多的哲学问题。如果我们将这些问题都弄清楚了，我们就在根本上懂得了唯物辩证法。这些问题是：两种宇宙观；矛盾的普遍性；矛盾的特殊性；主要的矛盾和主要的矛盾方面；矛盾诸方面的同一性和斗争性；对抗在矛盾中的地位。 苏联哲学界在最近数年中批判了德波林学派〔3〕的唯心论，这件事引起了我们的极大的兴趣。德波林的唯心论在中国共产党内发生了极坏的影响，我们党内的教条主义思想不能说和这个学派的作风没有关系。因此，我们现在的哲学研究工作，应当以扫除教条主义思想为主要的目标。
这是毛泽东1938年5月写的一篇研究抗日战争的军事论著，同年5月26日至6月3日在延安抗日战争研究会上作了讲演。全文约5万字，是收入《毛泽东选集》中最长的一篇。最早发表于解放周刊社1938年7月1日出版的《解放》第43、44期（合订），题为《论持久战——论抗日战争为什么是持久战与最后胜利为什么是中国的及怎样进行持久战与怎样争取最后胜利》。中共江苏省委和八路军驻上海办事处协同出版的《每日译报》于1938年8月23日在上海公开发表了全文。最早出版单行本的有延安解放社于1938年7月和汉口新华日报馆于1938年7月25日初版。此文曾收入新华日报馆1939年5月出版的《毛泽东救国言论选集》和大连大众书店1946年8月出版的《毛泽东选集》（卷3），中共晋察冀中央局1947年3月编印的《毛泽东选集》（卷4），东北书店1948年5月出版的《毛泽东选集》（卷4）等。建国后出版的几种《毛泽东选集》均收入了此文。
Ibsen’s best-known play displays his genius for realistic prose drama. An expression of women’s rights, the play climaxes when the central character, Nora, rejects a smothering marriage and life in "a doll\\\\\\\'s house."
Heidi is a novel for children written in 1880 which remains one of the most well-known pieces of Swiss literature. A young girl is taken to live with her grandfather in a remote alpine village. He has been estranged from the village for years, but his granddaughter penetrates his crusty exterior and transforms his isolated life into one of joy. She also befriends the young goat-herd, Peter.
Aesop’s Fables , by Aesop , is part of the Barnes & Noble Classics series, which offers quality editions at affordable prices to the student and the general reader, including new scholarship, thoughtful design, and pages of carefully crafted extras. Here are some of the remarkable features of Barnes & Noble Classics : New introductions commissioned from today’s top writers and scholars Biographies of the authors Chronologies of contemporary historical, biographical, and cultural events Footnotes and endnotes Selective discussions of imitations, parodies, poems, books, plays, paintings, operas, statuary, and films inspired by the work Comments by other famous authors Study questions to challenge the reader’s viewpoints and expectations Bibliographies for further reading Indices & Glossaries, when appropriateAll editions are beautifully designed and are printed to superior specifications; some include illustrations of historical interest. Barnes & Noble Classics pulls together a constellation of influences—biographical, historical, and literary—to enrich each reader’s understanding of these enduring works. As legend has it, the storyteller Aesop was a slave who lived in ancient Greece during the sixth century B.C. His memorable, recountable fables have brought amusing characters to life and driven home thought-provoking morals for generations of listeners and modern-day readers. Translated into countless languages and familiar to people around the world, Aesop’s fables never tarnish despite being told again and again.
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defense of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early sixth century. The details of Arthur’s story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur’s name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin. The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). However, some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey’s Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown. Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey’s version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. In fact, many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey’s Historia, including Arthur’s father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, the sword Excalibur, Arthur‘s birth at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media. The Sir James Knowles version of King Arthur is considered as the most accurate and well known original story of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.
With an Introduction and Notes by Owen Knowles, University of Hull Thackeray’s upper-class Regency world is a noisy and jostling commercial fairground, predominantly driven by acquisitive greed and soulless materialism, in which the narrator himself plays a brilliantly versatile role as a serio-comic observer. Although subtitled ’A Novel without a Hero’, Vanity Fair follows the fortunes of two contrasting but inter-linked lives: through the retiring Amelia Sedley and the brilliant Becky Sharp, Thackeray examines the position of women in an intensely exploitative male world.
In Mansfield Park, first published in 1814, when the author had reached her full maturity as a novelist, Jane Austen paints some of most witty and perceptive studies of character. Against a genteel country landscape of formal parks and stately homes, the gossipy Mrs Norris becomes a masterful comic creation; the fickle young suitor Henry Crawford provides an unequaled portrait of an unscruplous young man; and the complexy drawn Fanny Price emerges as one of Jane Austen\'s finest achievements--the poor cousin who comes to stay with her wealthy relatives at Mansfield Park and learns how the game of love can too easily turn to folly. More intricately plotted and wider in scope than Austen\'s earlier works, Mansfield Park continues to enchant and delight us as a superb example of a great author\'s craft.
It was at this point that the Union Pacific Road was inaugurated on the 23rd of October, 1867, by its chief engineer, General G. M. Dodge. There stopped the two powerful locomotives, drawing the nine cars of invited guests, prominent among whom was the Vice-President of the road, Thomas C. Durant; there cheers were given; there the Sioux and Pawnees gave an imitation Indian battle; there the fireworks were set off; there, finally, was struck off by means of a portable printing press the first number of the Railway Pioneer. Thus was celebrated the inauguration of this great railroad, an instrument of progress and civilisation, thrown across the desert, and destined to bind together towns and cities not yet in existence. The whistle of the locomotive, more powerful than the lyre of Amphion, was soon to make them rise from the American soil.
The nature and theoretical underpinnings of ethics have been an intellectual driving force animating the pursuits of great scholars. In "The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals" (1785), Immanuel Kant, one of the most powerful philosophical minds of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, inquires into the true nature of morality. In rejecting the results or consequences of action as the foundation of moral judgements, he denies that good or bad effects have any relevance in the moral evaluation of human behaviour. Instead, we must rely upon the Good Will for guidance. What is this Will upon which so much emphasis is placed, and how does it act as the foundation for behaviour that can be assessed as truly moral? In this groundbreaking work, Kant outlines an ethical perspective that has been a vital force in the Western world.
Rose, a shy orphan, blossoms in the company of her spirited relatives when she takes up residence at "The Aunt Hill." This captivating novel by the author of Little Women offers readers of all ages endearing, inspiring stories about growing up, making friends, and facing life with kindness and courage.
The narrator, an elderly, unnamed Manhattan lawyer with a comfortable business, already employs two scriveners to copy legal documents by hand, Nippers and Turkey. An increase in business leads him to advertise for a third, and he hires the forlorn-looking Bartleby in the hope that his calmness will soothe the irascible temperaments of the other two.At first, Bartleby produces a large volume of high-quality work. But one day, when asked to help proofread a document, Bartleby answers with what soon becomes his perpetual response to every request: "I would prefer not to." To the dismay of the lawyer and to the irritation of the other employees, Bartleby performs fewer and fewer tasks, and eventually none. The narrator makes several futile attempts to reason with him and to learn something about him; and when he stops by the office unexpectedly, he discovers that Bartleby has started living there.Tension builds as business associates wonder why Bartleby is always there. Sensing the threat to his reputation but emotionally unable to evict Bartleby, the narrator moves his business out. Soon the new tenants come to ask for help: Bartleby still will not leave—he now sits on the stairs all day and sleeps in the building’s doorway. The narrator visits him and attempts to reason with him, and surprises even himself by inviting Bartleby to come live with him. But Bartleby "would prefer not to". Later the narrator returns to find that Bartleby has been forcibly removed and imprisoned in the Tombs. The narrator visits him. Finding Bartleby glummer than usual, he bribes a turnkey to make sure Bartleby gets enough food. But when he returns a few days later Bartleby has died of starvation, having preferred not to eat.Some time afterward, the narrator hears a rumor that Bartleby had worked in a dead letter office, and reflects that dead letters would have made anyone of Bartleby’s temperament sink into an even darker gloom. The story closes with the narrator’s resigned and pained sigh, "Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!"
Hardy’s novel tells the story of how John and Joan Durbeyfield became convinced that they are descended from the ancient family of d’Ubervilles. They encourage their daughter Tess to cement a connection with the Stoke-d’Uberville family of local gentry (who it turns out are themselves not entitled to the illustrious name) and she is raped by their son, the unprincipled Alec. It is a connection that returns to haunt her after she has married the pure parson’s son Angel Clare. Tess first appeared in a serialized—and bowdlerized—form in The Graphic in 1891. A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented , as Hardy subtitled the work, represented a direct challenge to conventional notions of sexuality and femininity—and, though conventions have radically changed in the past century, the character of Tess has remained a challenging one. In her introduction Maier argues that we should not see Tess merely as a passive victim; she suggests that a combination of sexual vigour and moral rigour makes Tess not just one of the greatest but also one of the strongest women in the canon of English literature. This edition also includes contemproary reviews; the ’bowdlerized’ as well as the author’s original versions of passages censored by the early years of the novel’s life; excerpts from Hardy’s autobiography; and a wealth of other documents that shed light on the context from which this text emerged -- highlighting in particular gender-related issues that lie at the heart of the text.
The new and expanded edition of this short skills text elucidates key techniques and best practice for ensuring a cohesive, rigorous and convincing argument can be presented within an academic context. Appropriate for students across the disciplines, the author first deconstructs the basic principles that make good argument, and then - using appropriate examples and case studies to illustrate develops practical skills and techniques for students to apply in their academic career and beyond. Practical exercises encourage self-learning and application of the techniques.
First published in 1776, the year in which the American Revolution officially began, Smith\\\'s "Wealth of Nations" sparked a revolution of its own. In it Smith analyzes the major elements of political economy, from market pricing and the division of labor to monetary, tax, trade, and other government policies that affect economic behavior. Throughout he offers seminal arguments for free trade, free markets, and limited government. Criticising mercantilists who sought to use the state to increase their nations\\\' supply of precious metals, Smith points out that a nation\\\'s wealth should be measured by the well-being of its people.Prosperity in turn requires voluntary exchange of goods in a peaceful, well-ordered market. How to establish and maintain such markets? For Smith the answer lay in man\\\'s social instincts, which government may encourage by upholding social standards of decency, honesty, and virtue, but which government undermines when it unduly interferes with the intrinsically private functions of production and exchange. Social and economic order arise from the natural desires to better one\\\'s (and one\\\'s family\\\'s) lot and to gain the praise and avoid the censure of one\\\'s neighbors and business associates. Individuals behave decently and honestly because it gives them a clear conscience as well as the good reputation necessary for public approbation and sustained, profitable business relations.
Generations of readers young and old, male and female, have fallen in love with the March sisters of Louisa May Alcott’s most popular and enduring novel, Little Women. Here are talented tomboy and author-to-be Jo, tragically frail Beth, beautiful Meg, and romantic, spoiled Amy, united in their devotion to each other and their struggles to survive in New England during the Civil War. It is no secret that Alcott based Little Women on her own early life. While her father, the freethinking reformer and abolitionist Bronson Alcott, hobnobbed with such eminent male authors as Emerson, Thoreau, and Hawthorne, Louisa supported herself and her sisters with woman’s work,” including sewing, doing laundry, and acting as a domestic servant. But she soon discovered she could make more money writing. Little Women brought her lasting fame and fortune, and far from being the girl’s book” her publisher requested, it explores such timeless themes as love and death, war and peace, the conflict between personal ambition and family responsibilities, and the clash of cultures between Europe and America.
There once was a king of Persia who at the beginning of his reign had distinguished himself by many glorious and successful conquests and had afterwards enjoyed such profound peace and tranquillity as rendered him the happiest of monarchs.
Le Rouge et le Noir, roman central de Stendhal, porte un titre qui symbolise la table de jeu. Une fois une couleur amen il n\'est plus temps de revenir en arri . Mais le jeu comporte une direction ou un dessous des cartes qui est l\' rgie. La pr nce, le degr u l\'absence de l\' rgie, voil e qui fait une destin Le Rouge et le Noir, c\'est le roman de l\' rgie, celle d\'un jeune homme ardent, exigeant et pauvre dans la soci de la Restauration. Il a pour sous-titre : Chronique de 1830, cela signifie la France, toute la France, la Province et Paris. Julien est le d gu l\' rgie provinciale, le d gu u talent a carri , des classes pauvres a conqu du monde.L\' rgie de Julien ne va pas sans une violence de temp ament, une intensit e chauffe qui le conduit \' afaud.Cette peinture, pleine, puissante, normale de l\' rgie d\'un homme, d\'un pays, d\'une que, compose une oeuvre immense que son temps ne comprit pas mais dont la vivante influence n\'est pas encore is Albert ThibaudetEdition de Michel Crouzet.
This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers.
This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers.
《青鸟》是一个用心灵寻找幸福的哲理童话故事，为中英对照版。本书主要讲述的内容是：圣诞节前夜，泰泰尔和麦泰尔的家里非常安静，因为他们家很贫穷，没钱给他们买礼物。突然，仙女贝丽露娜走了进来，她说自己的女儿病得厉害，只有找到青鸟，她的女儿才会好起来。她送给孩子们一顶有魔法钻石的帽子，打发他们去寻找青鸟，于是兄妹俩在猫、狗，以及各种物品和元素的灵魂的陪伴下，在光女神的指引下去往回忆之地、夜神的宫殿、光的庙宇、未来国度、墓地和森林里寻找青鸟。可是，在规定的日期到来的时候，兄妹俩最终没能找到青鸟，他们难过失望地回家，却惊喜地发现，代表幸福的青鸟并不在远方，而一直就在他们身边。
小说一开始就开门见山。聚斯金德在三言两语后，立即点出了要为气味王国的天才怪杰让-巴蒂斯特·格雷诺耶立传的意图。随后，作家花费点笔墨交代了18世纪世界上最臭的城市巴黎，立即把本书的主人公“请”了出来——他于1738年7月17日（这年最炎热的一天）生在巴黎最臭的市区内一个臭鱼摊旁的宰鱼台下。接着，作家描述了格雷诺耶一系列的人生经历：婴幼儿时期举目无亲；八岁起被加拉尔夫人卖给制革匠格里马并在那里像牛马一样干活；第一次杀害一名少女并摄取其香味；为香水制造商巴尔迪尼重振香水业，徒步到南方去，在荒山里穴居七年；在蒙彼利埃的经历；在生产香水的名城格拉斯当伙计，其间杀害了二十五名少女，取得她们的香味制作香水；1766年被判处死刑却又死里逃生；1767年6月25日晨（这一天又是这年最热的一天）返回巴黎时被人分尸吃掉。
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