FIFTH EDITIONFundamentals ofElectric CircuitsCharles K.Alexander Matthew N.O.SadikuFundamentals ofElectric CircuitsCharles K.AlexanderDepartment of Electrical andComputer EngineeringCleveland State UniversityMatthew N.O.SadikuDepartment ofElectrical EngineeringPrairie View A&M UniversityMcConnectLearnSucceed"The McGraw-Hill CompanlesConnectcLearnrawSucceed"FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS,FIFTH EDITIONPublished by McGraw-Hill,a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,1221 Avenue ofthe Americas,New York,NY 10020.Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Allrights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Previous editions 2009.2007 and 2004.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or storedin a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,in any network or other electronic storage or transmission,orbroadcast for distance learning.Some ancillaries,including electronic and print components,may not be available to customersoutside the United States.This book is printed on acid-free paper.1234567890 RJE/RJE1098765432ISBN978-0-07-338057-5MHD0-07-338057-1Vice President Editor-in-Chief:Marty LangeVice President Director of Specialized Publishing:Janice M.Roerig-BlongEditorial Director:Michael LangePublisher:Raghothaman SrinivasanMarketing Manager:Curt ReynoldsDevelopmental Editor:Lora NeyensDesign Coordinator:Margarite ReynoldsCover Designer:Studio Montage,St.Louis,MissouriCover Image Credit:NASA.Artist's Concept of Rover on MarsBuyer:Sherry L.KaneMedia Project Manager:Balaji SundararamanCompositor:MPS Limited,a Macmillan CompanyTypeface:10/12 Times RomanPrinter:RR DonnellyAll credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of thecopyright page.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAlexander,Charles KFundamentals of electric circuits Charles K.Alexander,Matthew N.O.Sadiku.-5th ed.p.cm.1SBN978-0-07-338057-5(alk.paper)1.Electric circuits.I.Sadiku,Matthew N.O.II.Title.TK454.A4522012621.31924dc232011025116www.mhhe.com