LI Finding fossil mantrace the problemWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Nearifollow yourtrace=ifollow where you goEast,where people first learned to write.But there are some partspolynesia波利尼西亚of the world where even now people cannot write.The only waythat they can preserve their history is to recount it aspolyandric:a wife with more than one husbandsagas----legends handedpolygeny a husband with more than one wifedown from one generation of storytellers to another.These legendsflint /flint/n.燧石flinting heartedare useful because they can tell us something about migrations offossil/·f℃slVn.化石cobble鹅卵石people who lived long ago,but none could write down what theyreadof读到did.Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the谈到：speak of,talk of,know of,.hear ofPolynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.near east:mediterranean,south europe,north africThe sagas ofthese people explain that some of them came fromfar eastIndonesia about 2,000 years ago.非限定性从句，表原因But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago thatoral(spoken)language is earlier than written languageeven their sagas,if they had any,are forgotten.So archaeologistsprecede:什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where thecounterpart:two things or two people have the same positionfirst'modern men'came from.oral(spoken)language is earlier than written counterpart.Fortunately,however,ancient men made tools of stone,especiallypreserve:保留，保存（腌制）flint,because this is easier to shape than other kinds.They may如果句中有ony,那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是also have used wood and skins,but these have rotted away.Stonedoes not decay,and so the tools of long ago have remained whenstoryteller::讲故事的人even the bones of the men who made them have disappearedfortuneteller,palmreader::算命先生without trace.migration：移民l)migrant2)immigrantNew words and expressions.migrate:迁移，迁徒recount /ri'kaunt/.叙述/'rei'kaunt/.再数一次migratory bird:候鸟record/'rek[d//rikC:d/第一个音节带重音，名前动后none:no body叙述：recount:emotionless重复people十s民族describeif they had any:即便是有depict:a little emotionalhis relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he washospitalized.portray:描述find out千方百计，费尽周折=exploresaga /'sa:g[/n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real北欧海盗活动modern men:the men who were like ourselves的故事however-anywhere you want,加逗号legend1edV[nd/n.传说，传奇unreal e.g robin hoodbutyet--不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentenceanthropologist/'AnWr['pCl[dVist/n.人类学家therefore--自由anthrop:人tool:小工具philanthropist:慈普家（对人有爱心的人）instrument:实验器械anthropology:人类学equipment:设备带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology生物学geography地理学shape:成型：教有，改造ecology生态学may also have:表推测remote/ri'mut/n.遥远ancestor/'Ansest[/n.祖先leather::皮革hide:兽皮cowhide:牛皮forefather,forebear,predecessor祖先without(any)trace:无影无踪rot/rCt/v.烂掉leave me rot.=leave me alongL2 Spare that spiderrot to deathWhy,you may wonder,should spiders be our friends Becausesoon ripe,soon rotten.they destroy so many insects,and insects include some of thedecay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorategreatest enemies ofthe human race.Insects would make it关系逐渐恶化impossible.for us to live in the world;they would devour all ourtrace /treis/n.痕迹，踪迹crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protectionwe get from insect-eating animals.We owe a lot to the birds andI spare no efforts to learn english.(spare noefforts:不遗余力作什beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a么)fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Moreover,unlikeNotes on the textsome of the other insect eaters,spiders never do the least harm towhy,you may wonder一you may wonder why插入语先不管插us or our入语，弄清句子结构belongingsyou may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearlyrelated to them.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for awhy以疑问句开头spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beinHow many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?Oneauthority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field inwhy,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.the south ofEngland,and he estimated that there were more thandestroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光2,250,000 in one acre,that is something like 6,000,000 spiders oftear into piecesdifferent kinds on a football pitch.Spiders are busy for at least halfgreatest enemies:天敌dying enemy crying enemythe year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than thedear enemywildest guess at how many they kill,but they are hungry creatures,human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词not content with only three meals a day.It has been estimated thatimpossible和possible水远不要以人开头the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in oneIt is impossible for somebody to do something.year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beingslikely可以以人做主语.iam likely to go.probable也不以人做主in the country.T.H.GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listenerthey would表示假设New words and expressions flocks and herds牛群和羊群devour狼吞虎咽devour the food/fCk/the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book人以群分t虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句you are the same flock.也可指人前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时herd多指牛群cowherd cowboyIf it were not for:如果这不是因为throng and crowd swarmI would not survive if it were not for his timely helpowevt感激欠iowe you.i owe you a big favor.欠but for一定是虚拟语气=if it were not forissueowe感激，欠iowe you.obligeindebt appreciate-一常用口语词正式：grateful引出主题thankfulall of them put together:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是kibeast n兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal形容destroyed后置定语，重心转到spidercreature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性，Fraction小部分分数，小数a fraction of rice will sufficeL3 Mattonhornonone's behalf代表..利益Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will giveI beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你them good sport,and the more difficult it is,the more highly it isron behalf of somebody /somethingegarded.In the pioneering days,however,this was not the case ate.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of =representall.The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the topauthority /C:'WCriti/n.权威authorize批准authoritative权威because the summit was the prize they sought,especially if it had性的authoritarian独裁的never been attained before.It is true that during their explorations t一tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者dictatorialhey often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature.独裁的equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shuddauthorities1.权威（可单数可复数）2.当局（复数）er at the thought,but they did not go out of their way to court suchcensus /sens[s/n,统计数excitement.They had a single aim,a solitary goal--the top!据the fifth national population census.censor审查It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the picensorious挑别的，挑刺的oneers.Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamoniacre/'eik/n,英亩1acre=4047 square metersx,which had rapidly become popular,Alpine villages tended to befootball pitch足球场football yard football court football fieldimpoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high moube content with满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构ntains.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-riddeHe is content with status quo.n;the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelvcontentedheart:心满意足的人e months old,all washed down with coarse wine.Often a valley bospare/spZ[/v.不伤害，宽恕spare me He doesn't spare himself,astedno inn at all,and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his prefined fair细粮arishioners),sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers.Invariablcoarse and refinedy the background was the same:dirt and poverty,and very uncomfin a coarse manner粗暴无礼ortable.For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home,the change to the Alps用法：以人作主语，夸耀：以物作主语，拥有must have been very hard indeed.He boasted that ofhis knowledge.New words and expressionsThe center boasts a team ofhigh qualify(qualified researchers.)1、alpinist(1.l/Slpinist/n.登山运动员12、parishioner(1.l3)/p+riM-+nt/n.教区居民climber mountaineerparish教区词根：alp-Alps1.l6)Slps/n.阿尔卑斯山脉l3、shepherd(1,l4)/Mep+d/n.牧羊人sheepshep羊herd兽群Alpine(1.9)/Slpain/adj.阿尔卑斯山的14、linen1.15)1inin/n.亚麻布床单2、attain(1.4)+'tein/v.到达Notes on the textto get to1、Route路线Road道路to arnve at/in2、good sports:stimulus刺激thrilling震撼、兴奋to attain one's goal=realize3、regardto attain the top/peak/summit达到顶点regard sb with sth(感情词love hatred\horrorrespect)attain youth永葆青春Dad,I regard you with horror,.爸爸，我很害怕你。attainment(n)attainments成就accomplishment4、pineering days,ancient(先人时期)5、not at all根本不case这回事危险6、be doing表达当时的行动（状态）avalanche雪崩7、top:项点summit山项peak山项The scenery is at the peak of the mountain..无限风光在险峰。shudder:quick and suddenI am at the top of the world,我在世界之撤。tremble:long and very obviousSummit meeting峰会quiver:excitement ,maybe cold8、attain到达conquer征服shiver:cold and nervous9,be of the most perilous nature5、go out of one'sway专门by the way顺nature特点、特性路too much for me受不起the most perilous difficulties and dangers6、court(multiple meanings多义词)学会be of the+adj+noun结构1)朝廷朝臣courtierHe is the kindest man.=He is the man of the kindest man.2)courteous彬彬有礼的10、equipped表示当时的一种伴随。3)法庭11、in a manner以这样的方式4)娱乐场足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场olf court12、make sbdo sth(省to结构)5)追求13、at the thought一想到，mention一提到，idea一想到6)招致骄兵必败pride courts failure这个结构后面加介词of原文7、solitary(1.6)Ws&lrt+ri/adj..唯一的at the thought of their poor equipmentso-独solo独唱独奏l4、go out of one'sway刻意intentionally eye catching引人注solitude孤独目的I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.l5、the real living conditions真实生存状况16、nowadays插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、except for把其中的一部分扣除罗素名言：18、tendto be倾向于A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can19、settlement生存地、驻扎地secure complete20,cut off=which are cut offruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.2l、flea ridden跳蚤许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现22、as they were可以这么说，插入语还有as it were了现在的税收水平。This book is,as it were,his life portrait.10、coarse1.12)k&:s/ad.粗劣的这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。coarse throat嗓子哑23、local当地的sore throat24、wine低度酒alcohol酒精alcoholic酒鬼25、boast拥有priest牧师shepherd牧羊coarse fare粗粮invariably=all the same